
Patients in this category receive nonopioid analgesics such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or an adjuvant analgesic, if necessary. Its proper assessment requires the following: The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage.” Pain is commonly experienced by cancer patients. The risks and benefits of opioid use are evaluated regularly, and physician impressions are discussed openly with the patient. Patients with cancer or noncancer pain requiring chronic therapy are monitored closely to optimize treatment and to minimize the likelihood of complications of opioid use, including misuse or abuse.

Risk of misuse of or addiction to pain medications.Comorbidities (e.g., renal or hepatic failure).Predictive factors for pain control (e.g., psychological distress).
